임경규 Kyeong Kyu Im

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 773-796, 2010

This essay examines, first, the possibility and limitation of Asian America as a category of identity and its political and cultural implications through various theoretical perspectives. Here, by closely reading David Mura`s poem "The Colors of Desire," I will argue that "Asian America" as a category of identity is now on the verge of falling apart and its politics of identity is no longer an effective way of fighting back against racism in the US. It is because Asian America is indeed what might be called a historical block, a product of ad-hoc coalition between different ethnic groups historically situated and constructed. In this sense, it is a kind of phantasmal object that is marked by practical absence. This fabricatedness inherent in Asian America as an identity category signifies that it has no essence that is meant to define the group in a transcendental way. The internal totality and coherence of that identity can thus be achieved only by suppressing differences between various ethnic groups and positing a single `authentic` Asian American identity and culture. More dangerously, according to Viet Nguyen, such idealization of a single subject position can reinforces ideological rigidity that might threaten the ability of Asian America to represent itself in a unified fashion. Then, he predicts, Asian America will lose its cohesive force and fall apart. Eventually, every group within Asian America will be ethnicized. The only way of escaping from this bleak situation, as Vincent Cheng argues, is to foregroud the fabricatedness and ad-hocness of Asian America and to perform "inauthenticity," because Asian America is nothing but a functional category that is marked by absence of essence or authenticity. If Asian Americans admit that they have no essence and that they are essentially inauthentic, the practice of performing inauthenticity can become what we might call an alternative Asian American culture and identity.

다종족 연합체로서의 아시아계 미국인인, 정체성 정치학, 인종주의, 민족-물건, 진정성, 가짜, Asian America as a pan-ethnic identity, identity politics, racism, Nation Thing, authenticity, inauthenticity,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

박주영 Joo Young Park

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 797-821, 2010

This paper aims to explore how Millay`s love sonnets rewrite the carpe diem tradition in the complicated ways. This paper redirects critical attention away from Millay`s individual experience and inner self toward the scene of literary history, suggesting that there may be more historical consciousness in Millay`s sentimental and feminine "gesture." Rewriting the carpe diem tradition, Millay`s sonnets reveal an awareness of the dependence of the carpe diem poems` discursive logic on the woman`s coyness, its inability to accomplish its triumph over woman or time (death) without her posited reluctance. Contrary to Andrew Marvel`s "To His Coy Mistress," the speakers of Millay`s sonnets could never be accused of the sexual coyness; they are outspoken in their defiance of both death and lovers whose possessiveness resembles death`s embrace. Moreover, as Stacy Carson Hubbard points out, by converting female sexual experience from its status as a onetime closural event to repeatable one, hence an opportunity for the general and emotional irritability productive of narrative, Millay seizes for the woman the power of "dilation" in both its sexual and its verbal forms. Furthermore, this paper argues that the woman`s sex no longer invites analogies to things secret and sealed, preserved or ruined in Millay`s sonnets. The woman`s promiscuity implies a rejection of monumentalizing love, as well as a refusal of the fixing inherent in the carpe diem`s fearful invocation of the movement of time. Throughout the love sonnets, the speaker`s sexualized body produces nothing but ephemera. For Millay, this body spends its powers in hopes of having them, and the force of this spending is a perpetual and willful forgetting, which makes possible the repetition of love`s story. Ultimately, Milly disturbs our critical categories by rendering permeable boundaries between modern literature and dead form of classic literature, the female speaker and male speaker.

에드나 세인트 빈센트 밀레이, 사랑 소네트, 카르페 디엠, 감상주의, 모더니즘, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love sonnet, carpe diem, sentimentalism, modernism,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

정순국 Sun Kug Jung

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 823-850, 2010

In this paper, I will explore disparate voices embedded in the interactions of stories in which personal, cultural, historical, and mythical consciousness brings up diverse ideas about the experiences of Native Americans. The accommodation of differences and changes is clearly manifested through the healing ceremony of Tayo, which poses some practical questions: what could be the authentic tradition of Native Americans?; which direction should it be led to? As these questions suggest, Tayo needs to think over and work through the way that Native oral stories will enrich the signification of being Indian within multicultural U. S. society. In other words, Tayo should transfer the oppositional relationship between Anglo and Native American world into an interactive one to bring forth new meanings concerning their interactions. As a hybrid, Tayo begins to recognize that his fragmented consciousness could represent the pervasive but surmountable anxiety about the cultural clash between Native and White Americans. Going through the multiple layers of his stories, Tayo learns that Native Americans need to hold a balanced viewpoint firmly: this demonstrates that storytelling brings restoration and renewal to him. As a result of Betonie`s healing ceremony and his intimate relationship with Ts`eh, Tayo comes to have a holistic comprehension about how all the living things are interconnected to one another. After acquiring this recognition, Tayo succeeds in his quest to get back Josiah`s cattle and recovers his identity as a Laguna Pueblo Indian, still letting diverse voices, cultures, and stories flow into the process of storytelling. As the last scene in which the conversations among Tayo, Auntie, and Grandmother took place illustrates, Tayo has newly secured a position that will require him to create a new, alternative story, not just repeating previous stories.

레슬리 마몬 실코, 반복, 『의식』, 이야기하기, 혼성적 정체성, 힐리스 밀러, Ceremony, Hillis Miller, Hybrid Identity, Leslie Marmon Silko, Repetition, Storytelling,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

황보영식 Young Shik Hwang Bo

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 851-870, 2010

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution of /ju/ in British English, especially after the coronal sonorants /n, l, /r/. The sequence /ju/ is related with vowels such as /u/, /U/, and /U/, and has occasioned a variety of conflicting analyses or suggestions. One of those is in which context /j/ is deleted if we suppose that the underlying form is /ju/. The context differs according to the dialect we deal with. In British English, it is known that /j/ is deleted always after /r/, and usually after /l/ when it occurs in an unstressed word-medial syllable. To check this well-known fact I searched OED Online (the 2nd Edition, 1989) for those words which contain /n, l, r/ + /ju, jU, u, U, (j)u, (j)U/ in their pronunciations, using the search engine provided by OED Online. After removing some unnecessary words, I classified the collected words into several groups according to the preceding sonorant consonants, the positions, and the presence (or absence) of the stress, of the syllable where /ju/ occurs. The results are as follows: 1) the deletion of /j/ depends on the sonorant consonant which /ju/ follows, the position where it occurs, and the presence of the stress which /ju/ bears; 2) though the influence of the sonorant consonants is strong, the position and stress also have non-trivial effect on the deletion of /j/, that is, the word-initial syllable and the stressed syllable prefer the deletion of /j/, and word-medial and unstressed syllable usually retain /j/; 3) the stress and position factors play their own roles even in the context where the effect of /n, l, r/ is dominant.

영국영어, 미국영어, u의 발음, 강세음절, 어두음절, 어중음절, j-탈락, British English. American English, pronunciation of u, stressed syllable, word-initial syllable, word-medial syllable, j-deletion,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

이승아 Seung Ah Lee

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 871-905, 2010

This paper is motivated by Watanabe`s (2001) observation that English byphrase passives are sometimes translated into Japanese object topicalization constructions. That is, the original English sentence in the passive may be translated into the active voice with the logical object topicalized. A number of scholars, including Chomsky (1981) and Baker (1992), have remarked that languages have various ways to avoid focusing on the logical subject. The aim of the present study is to examine the translation equivalents of the English by-phrase passives in an English-Korean parallel corpus compiled by the author. A small sample of articles from Newsweek magazine and its published Korean translation reveals that there are indeed many ways to translate English by-phrase passives, including object topicalization (12.5%). Among the 64 translated sentences analyzed and classified, 12 (18.8%) examples were problematic in terms of agent defocusing, which is the primary function of passives. Of these 12 instances, five cases were identified where an alternative translation would be more suitable. The results suggest that the functional characteristics of English by-phrase passives should be highlighted in translator training as well as language teaching.

영한 병렬 코퍼스, 코퍼스기반 번역학, 번역, 번역 교육, 번역 등가구문, 수동, 목적어 주제화 구문, English-Korean parallel corpus, corpus-based translation studies, translation, translator training, translation equivalent, by-phrase passives, object topicalization,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

이석구 Suk Koo Rhee

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 907-930, 2010

Most previous studies on A Gesture Life focused on illuminating the role and significance of Kkutaeh, the Korean comfort woman, whom Hata runs across at a military camp in the Burmese jungle. For instance, Carroll Hamilton argues that the return of Kkutaeh as a traumatic subject disrupts Hata`s nationalist narrative, causing the protagonist`s eventual failure at national enfranchisement. However, this paper focuses on Hata`s relationship with Bedley Run, the sleepy suburban white town, in which the protagonist settles down right after immigration to the US. The racial/racist nature of Bedley Run has not received due critical attention, although a few studies on the novel saw Hata`s gestures as a survival tactic deployed against a hostile environment of the new host society. This paper, resorting to Pierre Macherey`s thesis on symptomatic reading, exposes what Hata, the narrator/protagonist, hides from his readers concerning his status in his muchbeloved town; and it also explores the subversive significance of Hata`s ethnic memories. The aim of this study is, after all, to map both the subversive possibilities and the limitations of Hata`s immigrant narrative as a bildungsroman.

『제스처 라이프』, 징후적 읽기, 피에르 마셔레, 윌리엄 새프런, 제임스 클리포드, 호미 바바, 이민자 서사, 전복적 가능성, 소수 민족, 디아스포라 주체, 성장 서사, 간극성, Gesture Life, symptomatic reading, Pierre Macherey, William Safran, James Clifford, immigrant narrative, subversive possibilities, diasporic subject, bildu,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

계정민 Joeng Meen Gye

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 931-946, 2010

This paper examines the role of gender ideology in early British and American detective fiction focusing on the female detectives. Since a detective`s attributes honor and idealize such traditionally masculine qualities as independence, intelligence, heroism, and bravery, the woman detective fiction has potentiality to operate against the established gender norms. The narratives about women in pursuit of justice and order through their criminal investigation can allow women to possess the masculine rationality and power. The subversive possibility inherent in the woman detective fiction is, however, contained by the representation of the female detectives and the negotiation through narratives. A female detective is represented either as unfeminine and thus unattractive and unlikeable or as desperate for survival. Her threatening potentiality is easily dismissed as that of an inadequate woman or a desperate one. The compromise in narratives is effected by the following three ways: first, a female detective is assigned to investigate crimes as an assistant to the male detectives; second, staying within the domestic sphere, she solves crimes by using her expert knowledge of the domestic service; and third, her detective narrative ends with the conventional marriage plot. Confining the female detectives within the conventional feminine roles and domains, the woman detective fiction supports and reestablishes the dominant gender ideology.

범죄, 추리소설, 여성탐정, 젠더, 여성탐정 추리소설, crime, detective fiction, female detective, gender, woman detective fiction,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

신경숙 Kyung Sook Shin

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 947-971, 2010

Anna Letitia Barbauld`s poem “Washing-Day” (1797) has sparked a variety of feminist critical endeavors over the past two decades. While many feminist literary critics try to salvage the poem as a successful tongue-in-cheek riposte directed at the male dominant literary world, more rigorous Marxist feminists accuse Barbauld of being limited by her own middle-class woman`s view on women`s domestic labor. Legitimate as they may be, these readings fail to elucidate Barbauld`s place in a larger literary and intellectual discourse during the eighteenth century. In this paper I read “Washing-Day” as a woman`s georgic, a genre or mode concerned with agricultural labor, the public value of which was highly recognized in eighteenth-century England. Alluding to canonical texts by writers like Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope, Barbauld`s “loaded lines” in mock-heroic form create a space in which the women`s domestic labor of washing interrupts men`s daily routines and disrupts their poetic assumptions. While she makes women`s work visible, Barbauld also addresses its quintessential nature. Women`s work is affective labor; women have to labor physically and mentally to produce the desired domestic comfort. By allowing the image of the soap “bubble” to echo with many “bubbles” in other writers` texts, from the soap bubbles the narrator used to play with as a child to the hot-air balloon “bubble” of the Montgolfier brothers, Barbauld pleasantly equates work and day-dreaming, men`s toil and child`s play, and finally public, scientific, and recognized labor and private, domestic, and imaginative activities.

바볼드,「빨래하는 날」, “Washing Day”, 죠직, georgic, 상상, 낭만적과학, 가사노동, Barbauld, georgic, mock-heroic, balloon, imagination, Romantic science, women`s work,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

주혁규 Hyeuk Kyu Joo

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 973-998, 2010

This paper aims at assessing the significance of Lyrical Ballads of 1798, the agreed inaugurator of English Romanticism, in terms of such key concepts as poetic “experiments,” “conversation,” and the authorial function. The 1798 volume marks an interesting incidence in which an author with no tangible substantiality can wield his authorial function over his works. The volume is signed without the named proper noun - its author is neither William Wordsworth nor Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The figure of the author in this case is realized by the poems he writes; he produces, and is produced by, his works-a fact that constitutes part of the poetic experiments manifested in the Advertisement. Working under this reciprocal production, the Author of the 1798 volume and his poems are collectively aiming at establishing a new class of poetry and an interpretive community. The notion of “conversation” is a key element in the thematic, stylistic ties among individual poems. Poems of the 1798 volume effect multi-layered, “blended” voices. Readers are expected to draw out the topological interweaving among poems through the practices of dialogic reading. In this light, the sequential necessity of “The Rime” and “Tintern Abbey” should be emphasized. They are stitched together in a logic of textual placement and the transition from one to the other is never arbitrary. Most of all, they are working under the same authorial function, complementing each other, and addressing the same poetic project in different textual locations. As an inaugural work of English Romanticism, Lyrical Ballads of 1798 in fact makes so many things happen and yet again anticipates something yet to come with elusiveness. The value of this poetic experiments should be judged not only by what is claimed in it, but what it sets out to do and “how far” it will be performed, as implied in the Advertisement. The efficacy of the volume, more than anything else, is dependent upon the performative power of words.

서정민요집, 워즈워스, 저자, 실험, 공지문, 대화, Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth, author, experiments, advertisement, conversation,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

양윤정 Yun Jeong Yang

DOI: Vol.56(No.5) 999-1026, 2010

There was a Golden Age of Fantasy novels in the United Kingdom in the 19th Century, which had the major writers, Lewis Carroll and George MacDonald. These writers pushed the boundaries of imagination and created a new world in which explore their own selves and societies. Fantasy novels flowered in the 1860s when a group of writers including Carroll and MacDonald published their works. These writers used the trait of dream framing to create their own fantasy world in which they took the action against the complicated and oppressive Victorian reality. Carroll`s fantasy worlds of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass were an insane and chaotic world where the certainty of the real world was overturned. MacDonald`s dream worlds of At the Back of the North Wind and the Princess books including The Princess and the Goblin and The Princess and Curdie were ideal societies in which imaginative characters could create harmony between fantasy and reality. Fantasy writers engaged in making journey to other lands to do philosophical and moral discussion critiquing Victorian society and to find insights into those problems in their works. Thus, their fantasy journey traverses time and place can produce some suggestive answers to the questions that lie in other times and realities as well as theirs.

판타지, 꿈, 동화, 삶, 판타지와 리얼리티의 통합, fantasy, dream, fairy tales, Life, unification of fantasy and reality,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory